Publications & Analysis

Research grounded in the evidence

Dristhi Earth publishes original research and analysis on environmental intelligence gaps, climate finance flows, and institutional data infrastructure across the Hindu Kush Himalayan region.

$12.065T Climate finance need in HKH
identified to 2030
$150M GCF approvals for
HKH-adjacent programmes
$36.1M Average cost per GLOF event
in Nepal (World Bank, 2021)
6x Rate of glacier retreat
acceleration since 2000
8,900+ Glacial lakes in the
HKH region
0 Private AI intelligence
platforms for HKH
Featured Publication

Latest briefing

Research Programme

Focus areas

Our research programme covers six interconnected dimensions of environmental intelligence in the HKH region.

01

Cryosphere Dynamics

Glacial mass balance, retreat rates, glacial lake formation, and GLOF risk modelling across the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalayan ranges. Data drawn from Copernicus, Landsat, and ICIMOD mass balance records.

02

Hydrological Intelligence

River basin hydrology, transboundary flow regimes, seasonal variability, and flood risk across the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Mekong basins. Integrated with DHM Nepal and national gauge network data.

03

Climate Finance Flows

Mapping of GCF, GEF, ADB, World Bank, and bilateral donor climate finance pipelines across all eight HKH countries. Pipeline tracking, approval timelines, and sector allocation analysis.

04

Disaster Risk Architecture

Analysis of national disaster risk reduction frameworks, early warning system coverage, transboundary information sharing gaps, and alignment with Sendai Framework targets across HKH governments.

05

Biodiversity and Land Systems

Forest cover change, land use transitions, biodiversity corridor integrity, and ecosystem service valuation across HKH protected areas and buffer zones. REDD+ programme alignment included.

06

Data Infrastructure Assessment

Evaluation of national environmental monitoring networks, data sharing protocols, interoperability standards, and institutional capacity across HKH countries. Gap analysis and infrastructure recommendations.

Primary Sources

Key citations

All Dristhi Earth research products cite primary sources. The following form the core of our evidence base.

Selected primary references

  • ICIMOD (2023). Water, Ice, Society, and Ecosystems in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: An outlook. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu.
  • Wester et al. (2019). The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People. Springer Nature, Cham.
  • World Bank (2021). Nepal: Country Climate and Development Report. World Bank Group, Washington DC.
  • Immerzeel et al. (2020). Importance and vulnerability of the world's water towers. Nature, 577, 364–369.
  • Green Climate Fund (2024). GCF Portfolio Overview — South and Southeast Asia. GCF Secretariat, Incheon.
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